Supplemental Readings and References
779
(e.g., Graves’ disease). In adults, hypothyroidism has an
insidious onset with a broad range of symptoms. The typ-
ical biochemical laboratory parameters include the mea-
surement of serum free T
4
and TSH, which are decreased
and increased, respectively. In addition, measurement of
serum autoantibodies for thyroglobulin and thyroperoxi-
dase is also utilized.
Supplemental Readings and References
D. L. Bodenner and R. W. Lash: Thyroid disease mediated by molecular de-
fects in cell surface and nuclear receptors.
American Journal of Medicine
1 0 5 , 524(1998).
S. C. Boyages: Clinical review 49: Iodine deficiency disorders.
Journal of
Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
77, 587 (1993).
G. A. Brent: The molecular basis of thyroid hormone action.
New England
Journal of Medicine
3 3 1 , 847 (1994).
H. B. Burch and L. Wartofsky: Graves’ ophthalmopathy: current concepts re-
garding pathogenesis and management.
Endocrine Review
1 4 ,747 (1993).
G. N. Burrow: Thyroid function and hyperfunction during gestation.
En-
docrine Review
1 4 , 194 (1993).
G. N. Burrow, D. A. Fisher, and R R. Larsen: Mechanisms of disease: ma-
ternal and fetal thyroid function.
New England Journal of Medicine
3 3 1 ,
1072 (1994).
I. J. Chopra: Clinical review
8 6
: Euthyroid sick syndrome: is it a misnomer?
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
8 2 , 329 (1997).
D. Glinoer: The regulation of thyroid function in pregnancy: pathways of
endocrine adaptation from physiology to pathology.
Endocrine Review
18,404(1997).
M. A. Lazar: Thyroid hormone receptors: multiple forms, multiple possibil-
ities.
Endocrine Review
1 4 , 184 (1993).
J. H. Lazarus: Hyperthyroidism.
Lancet
349, 339 (1997).
R. S. Lindsay and A. D. Toft: Hypothyroidism.
Lancet
349,413 (1997).
S. M. McLachlan and B. Rapoport: The molecular biology of thyroid
peroxidase: cloning, expression and role as autoantigen in autoimmune
thyroid disease.
Endocrine Review
1 3 , 192 (1992).
G. Medeiros-Neto, H. M. Targovnik, and G. Vassart: Defective thyroglobulin
synthesis and secretion causing goiter and hypothyroidism.
Endocrine
Review
1 4 , 165 (1993).
A. J. Mixson, R. Parrilla, S. C. Ransom, et al.: Correlations of language
abnormalities with localization of mutations in the B-thyroid hormone
receptor in 13 kindreds with generalized resistance to thyroid hormone:
identification of four new mutations.
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology
and Metabolism
75, 1039 (1992).
J. C. Morris: The clinical expression of thyrotropin receptor mutations.
Endocrinologists,
195 (1998).
R. Paschke and M. Ludgate: Mechanism of disease: the thyrotropin receptor
in thyroid disease.
New England Journal of Medicine
337, 1675 (1997).
S. P. Porterfield and C. E. Hendrich: The role of thyroid hormones in prenatal
and neonatal neurological development—current perspectives.
Endocrine
Review
14,94(1993).
S. Refetoff, R. E. Weiss, and S. J. Usala: The syndromes of resistance to
thyroid hormone.
Endocrine Review
1 4 , 348 (1993).
E. Roti, R. Minelli, E. Gardini, and L. E. Braverman: The use and misuse of
thyroid hormones.
Endocrine Review
1 4 ,401 (1993).
V. Singh and J. P. Catlett: Hematologic manifestations of thyroid disease.
Endocrinologist
8 , 87 (1998).
M. I. Surks and R. Sievert: Drug therapy: drugs and thyroid function.
New
England Journal of Medicine
333, 1688 (1995).
A. D. Toft: Thyroxine therapy.
New England Journal of Medicine
331, 174
(1994).
Y. Tomer and T. F. Davies: Infection, thyroid disease, and autoimmunity.
Endocrine Review
1 4 , 107 (1993).
J. I. Totrens and H. B. Burch: Serum thyroglobulin measurement: utility in
clinical practice.
Endocrinologist
6 , 125 (1996).
G. Vassart and J. E. Dumont: The thyrotropin receptor and the regulation of
thyrocyte function and growth.
Endocrine Review
1 3 , 596 (1992).
A. De La Vieja, O. Dohan, O. Levy, et al.: Molecular analysis of the
sodium/iodide symporter: impact on thyroid and extrathyroid pathophys-
iology.
Physiological Reviews
8 0 , 1083 (2000).
A. P. Weetman and A. M. McGregor: Autoimmune thyroid disease: fur-
ther developments in our understanding.
Endocrine Review
1 5 , 788
(1994).
I. Klein and K. Ojamaa: Thyroid Hormone and the Cardiovascular System.
New England Journal of Medicine
3 4 4 , 501 (2001).
